Thursday, August 27, 2020

Pepita the Life in the Novel

In each novel, there is one character that appears to engage pretty much every peruser. That one character is by all accounts the person who despite the fact that they died, they ought to have made it to the furthest limit of the novel. They are the lights in a dull novel, and the vitality in an exhausting one. In the Bridge of San Luis Rey, we meet numerous characters, every one of whom have their own worth and spot in the story line. However the one character that didn't merit a similar destiny as the others was Pepita. Pepita was a vagrant young lady who was found according to the Abbess as having administration abilities. Such an ability would be important for her replacement. She required somebody who had the option to play out all the undertaking that she should now perform, when she could no longer perform them. Thus Pepita was exposed to a sort of trim procedure. In this procedure she was appointed to most noticeably awful errand in the shelter, which showed her organization. She likewise turned into a sort of ally for the Abbess, accompaning her on her outings, on which she was instructed in the administration of ladies, wards, and how to ask for cash. However the most abnormal piece of her training was the Abbess' choice to send her to live with the Marquesa. The Marquesa was an insane lady who aggravated Pepita's life and still, at the end of the day it previously was. As her buddy Pepita was disregarded continually and carried on with an existence of isolation. Pepita is that life in the novel, she is the main acceptable love that exist in a universe of the individuals who either love excessively or the individuals who love nearly nothing. The Marquesa drove her little girl away, on the grounds that she adored excessively. In spite of the fact that she had the option to understand this before she passed on, it was past the point of no return. She couldn't demonstrate this newly discovered love to anybody. On account of Esteban, he couldn't adore any other person aside from Manuel. While Manuel had the option to cherish another, this caused hardship between them. When Manuel kicked the bucket he couldn't proceed onward, basically in light of the fact that he just had love for Manuel. At that point we have Uncle Pio, another character who cherished excessively. Uncle Pio had an outlook of his three points that he essentially needs to satisfy regardless of what occurs. This makes him have a steady aching for the Perichole who fulfills his objectives in a single shot. He cherished her so much, that he needed to carry on with his life through hers. He did this by turning into such a parasite on the Perichole. At the point when he couldn't longer live off of her since she was unable to take it any longer, he attempted to do it to her child. The Perichole's child Jaime like Pepita had the genuine affection, however would not be picked by me, since he was a fragile kid who was consistently wiped out and had not seen the difficulties of life that Pepita had seen. Despite the fact that he had experienced a hard life, it was as yet not practically identical to what Pepita needed to experience. Jaime was additionally debilitated, which presumably made him increasingly modest and adored his general surroundings more. A great many people, who need to experience what Pepita experienced, wind up abhorring the world and having no more love in their souls. However Pepita had the option to at present have love in her heart. She had the option to try and change the core of the Marquesa, who adored her little girl so much that she drove her away. Her fortitude is likewise worth respecting, she would not like to mail the letter to the Abbess, just in light of the fact that she felt it was not gallant enough. Pepita has such a blamelessness that must be found in youngsters. The entirety of different characters have lost their honesty. Pepita likewise the most potential for turning into the sort of individual who will need to help other people when she gets more established. The entirety of the preparation that the Abbess has given her has not totally fizzled. She has learned things that will empower her to grow up to turn into the kind of individual who others will gaze upward too as a pioneer and such a mother figure. Out of every one of those that passed on the extension, I would need to state that, Pepita is the most plausible one that I would spare.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Essay Topics That Teach Our Smallest Things

Essay Topics That Teach Our Smallest ThingsIf you're looking for essay topics to write, you might want to take a look at the God of Small Things. It's a great topic for any kind of essay, but in particular it's one that can be used for essays with more of a religious bent.The God of Small Things is a concept that some religions use as a means of teaching their children. They teach it in schools and universities all over the world, but it's still widely misunderstood by many. When you learn about this concept, you'll see why it's not really too hard to explain.What is the God of Small Things? It's a belief that, in order to understand life, we must first understand the small things.You might think that the concept of the God of Small Things makes it pretty silly to be writing an essay on the subject. However, if you read what some of the other essay topics to write about on this site, you'll see that it's a valid subject. And with that in mind, this concept can actually help make a go od essay topic.First, the God of Small Things teaches that there are many small things that make up the big picture. In other words, it doesn't matter how big a war is, how huge a volcano is, or even how large an asteroid is - everything is small. It's the little things that are important. They're the thing that makes it important to the little people, and therefore, the topic of the essay.Second, you'll notice that in many religions, the God of Small Things can be related to us in some way. As a result, it's the God of Small Things that are usually quoted or referenced in the essay. Third, the God of Small Things is a concept that we're all familiar with. It's something that we all have, and most of us rely on each day in some way. It's something that everyone takes for granted, but yet, something that can actually help you to learn about the world around you.The God of Small Things isn't an impossible topic to write about, though. It's a topic that's been used by people of all kin ds of background and creed. So if you're looking for a great essay topic, take a look at the God of Small Things and learn about what it means to you.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Same Sex-Civil Union essays

Same Sex-Civil Union articles Since the 1960s, gays and lesbians have moved to urban areas, as, San Francisco, New York, and Los Angeles, where their more prominent numbers changed neighborhood legislative issues and affected the national gay development. The battle about same-sex marriage might just locate its next battleground in the circular drives and shopping centers of New Jersey. New Jersey is one of eight states being sued by gay couples, and surveys there show that 55 percent of voters bolster same-sex marriage. (Montagne, Renee, 2006, February 6, p.1). Presently the conversation of gay marriage or gay associations in New Jersey achieves clashes between two good positions, the dissidents and the preservationists. The two nonconformists and preservationists for the most part see marriage as an understanding between two people who what to bring up their youngsters to act naturally dependent and equipped for practicing their individual rights to be capable, balanced grown-ups. Rivals of gay marriage documen ted three separate lawful movements under the watchful eye of the Superior Court in Mercer County, New Jersey. These movements are isolated into independent barrier issues against gay associations; budgetary, ideological, and political. Every one of these assaults alert that equivalent sex marriage couples who intend to wed compromise the dependability of the state. (Padawer, Ruth 2003, February 27, p. 2) People who are for gay marriage accept that each state ought to underwrite the act of gay associations openly. So who is strategically and Biblically right on this issue? Nonconformists trust it is a people right and opportunity to live in a common way with an accomplice who satisfies them. (Shell, Susan M., 2004, June 22, p.2.) Unlike a few states, New Jersey law doesn't contain language that alludes to marriage as between a man and a lady. A Historic Day . . . ( 2006, December 14 p. 2). The conventional Christian sentiment on gay marriage is that a relationship betwee ... <!

Tuesday, May 26, 2020

The Public Health Surveillance And Program Planning Models

EBPH involves developing,implementing,and assessing of operative programs and policies in public health by applying ethics of scientific thinking utilizing systematic uses of data and information systems,suitable use of behavioral-science theory and program-planning-models.1Scholars agree that EBPH provides assurance that decision making is based on scientific evidence and effective practices;helps ensure the retrieval of up-to-date dependable information about what works and doesn’t for public health questions;provides assurance that time is efficiently and productively used in reviewing the best information available on the particular public health question.1,2,3 The public health surveillance involves timely and systematic collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination data to public health programs responsible for preventing and controlling diseases.1,4 Systematic reviews are indispensable in obtaining comprehensive information of any particular research topic, an d efficiently becoming familiar with any specific public health topic.1,4Reviews done with systematic approach are a great source of reliable results, because of limited bias and chance effects.1,4Such results can be used for making decisions in the public health.1,4Econonomic evaluation provides information about alternative expenditure on public health programs and interventions.1,4Cost-effectiveness analysis compares health interventions with health impacts and outcomes, and can suggest the relativeShow MoreRelatedPrevention Of A Disaster Emergency1729 Words   |  7 Pagesintentional, or accidental means), critical steps should be taken to evaluate and reduce the risks of public endangerment. The desire is to prevent epidemics and the spread of disease, protect against environmental hazards, prevent injuries, promote and encourage informed risk/ beneficial decision making, respond to disasters and assist communities in recovery, and assure the quality and accessibility of healt h services for the community. Being prepared to respond to disaster emergencies along with effortsRead MoreSurveillance Systems And Studies That Should Be Prioritized By The Cdc1238 Words   |  5 Pages Surveillance Systems and Studies That Should Be Prioritized by the CDC in the Event of a Current Severe Pandemic Reflecting on the 2009 HINI influenza pandemic discussed in class, if a more severe pandemic occurred today, then the kinds of surveillance systems that the CDC should invoke are first and foremost to rely on the existing surveillance systems in place. The famous Eisenhower quote that â€Å"Plans are nothing, planning is everything† (Landesman Weisfuse, 2014, p. 306) bears particularRead MoreMcdonaldization And Management Application Of Healthcare Program Design And Deliverance Of Opioid Treatment Programs1623 Words   |  7 Pagesindustry from which it originated. Choose a case study and discuss. Few modern management models have escaped influences of objectification, commodification and standardisation. This paper looks into the McDonaldization and management application of healthcare program design and deliverance of Opioid Treatment Programs (OTP). The case study further analyses the universal management structure of community based health care organizations that systematically apply George Ritzer’s theory of McDonaldizationRead MoreStds Essay1077 Words   |  5 Pagessecondary syphilis rates increased 13.0% age 15-19 and 8.1% for age 20-24 (2016 Sexually, 2017). Reported Cases of STD in the United States The CDC estimates 20 million new sexually transmitted infections occur every year, and accounting for 16 billion in health care costs annually (Reported, 2017). There were more than 2 million cases of the three main nationally reported STDs, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis in 2016. Chlamydia reported at, 1,598,354 at a rate per 100,000 people = 497; Gonorrhea reportedRead MoreThe 5 P s Model815 Words   |  4 Pages To guide our data and information collection, we used the 5 P’s Model and a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis. We also conducted interviews with three staff members of the DHIS to answer our questions and better understand the issues. The 5 P’s model is a strategic implementation framework used as a lens to evaluate an organization’s purpose, principles, processes, people, and performance (Pryor, 2007). Specifically, we used the 5 P’s analysis to help assess whether DHIS’sRead MoreBiomedical And Health Informatics Have Been Increased Demand1570 Words   |  7 PagesBiomedical and health informatics have been in increased demand. Bloomrosen (2010) indicated the barriers to universal access to quality and cost-effective care have contributed to such demand; consequently, many healthcare agencies have conducted research to provide up-to-date, and unbiased evidence on healthcare interventions. A wealth of available data is now available for meaningfully knowledge exploitation that can strengthen building and evidence creation, and ultimately improve clinical andRead MoreMy Career Goal Of Advance Practice Registered Nurse1615 Words   |  7 Pagesattention to detail and persistence ïÆ'Ëœ Have a strong interest in chronic disease and working with underserved communities and health disparities. As a senior Registered Nurse, Nurse Manager and educator, I am responsible for supervising the staffs and serve as an advisor for staff s education and information in formulating appropriate strategies, program planning and policy formulation with strong leadership experience through the building and leading teams. I have experience in budget and resourcesRead MoreHealth Promotion Planning Project : Bullying Among Children And Adolescents1651 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: HEALTH PROMOTION PLANNING PROJECT 1 Health Promotion Planning Project: Bullying among Children and Adolescents Jacqueline Valladares Western Kentucky University HEALTH PROMOTION PLANNING PROJECT 2 One of the many health problems affecting children or adolescents today is bullying. Children who experience bullying reported that they got bullied by their looks, body shape, and/or race (Bullying 2015). One out of every four studentsRead MoreThe Career Goal Of Advance Practice Registered Nurse1614 Words   |  7 Pagessolving, attention to detail and persistence ïÆ'Ëœ Have a strong interest in chronic disease and working with underserved communities and health disparities. As a senior Registered Nurse, Nurse Manager and educator, I am responsible for supervising the staffs and serve as an advisor for staff s education and information in formulating appropriate strategies, program planning and policy formulation with strong leadership experience through building and leading teams. I have experience in budget and resourcesRead MoreThe Transportation Security Administration ( Fema )1540 Words   |  7 Pages This report below is a concerning the overall DHS program prioritization which will address the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) which is a directorate under the DHS and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) which become part of the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate of DHS. This report could have not been prepared without gathering background information concerning the following area hazar d/threats, hazard identification and risk analysis, terrorist

Friday, May 15, 2020

Morality And The Human Genome Project Essay - 1364 Words

Morality and the Human Genome Project Does the Human Genome Project affect the moral standards of society? Can the information produced by it become a beneficial asset or a moral evil? For example, in a genetic race or class distinction the use of the X chromosome markers can be used for the identification of a persons ethnicity or class (Murphy,34). A seemingly harmless collection of information from the advancement of the Human Genome Project. But, lets assume this information is used to explore ways to deny entry into countries, determine social class, or even who gets preferential treatment. Can the outcome of this information effect the moral standards of a society? The answers to the above and many other†¦show more content†¦The complete set of genes for an organism is called its genome (Congress,3). These traits can be explained due to the inheritance of single or multiple genes affected by factors in the environment (3). Mendel also correctly stated that two copies of every factor exists and that one factor of inheritance could be dominate over another (Gert,3).The next major events of genetic history involved DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA, as a part of genes, was discovered to be a double helix that encodes the blueprints for all living things (Congress,3). DNA was found to be packed into chromosomes, of which 23 pairs existed in each cell of the human body. Furthermore, one chromosome of each pair is donated from each parent. DNA was also found to be made of nucleotide chains made of four bases, commonly represented by A, C, T, and G. Any ordered pair of bases makes a sequence. These sequences are the instructions that produce molecules, proteins, for cellular structure and biochemical functions. In relation, a marker is any location on a chromosome where inheritance can be identified and tracked (202). Markers can be expressed areas of genes (DNA) or some segment of DNA with no known coding function but an inheritance could be traced (3). It is these markers that are used to do genetic mapping. By the use of genetic mapping isolated areas of DNA are used to find if a person has a specific trait, inherentShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Human Genome Project1579 Words   |  7 Pages Does the Human Genome Project effect the moral standards of society? Can the information produced by it become a beneficial asset or a moral evil? For example, X chromosome markers can be used to identify ethnicity. A seemingly harmless collection of information from the Human Genome Project. But lets assume this information is used to explore ways to deny entry into countries, determine social class, or who gets preferential treatment. Whether or not this type of treatment is acceptable to a moralRead MoreThe Controversy Of Eugenics And Genetic Engineering1632 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst director position for the Human Genome Project, an ambitious international research project started in 1990 that sought to map out the entire human genome, until his departure in 1992 (â€Å"A Brief History†). This thirteen-year project ended in the successful mapping of the underestimated 20,500 genes that make up a human’s genome and â€Å"has given the world a resource of detailed information about the structure, organization and function of the complete set of human genes† (â€Å"An Overview†). In modernRead MoreEssay about Genetics In Life1450 Words   |  6 Pages Genetics In Life Genetics is the study of the patterns of inheritance of specific traits (Poretto). This knowledge could be used to alter the course of a future human life. This knowledge could even be used to stop a potentially painful life before it starts. Genetic engineering, like any other science, is a tool. Like any other tool Genetic Engineering is neither inherently positive nor inherently negative. Genetic engineering’s benefits outweigh the potential negatives, and in spite of someRead MoreEscape from Spiderhead by Dr. Abnesti Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pages in regard to the increasing acknowledgment that people have from our nature, and the unpredictable human nature, likewise Dr. Abnesti in the fiction story, Escape from Spiderhead. From my pass readings and experiences, I think that human need to take every step of scientific development extremely seriously. As see from now, people are arguing about the contradiction between science and morality, moreover, that the power scien ce has now is too enough to destroy us already, for instance the nuclearRead MoreDisadvantages Of Genetic Engineering1663 Words   |  7 Pageslimiting genetic diversity, over a period of time. And most significantly the repercussions of genetic engineering are still unknown,† What standards will guide the genetic engineers†, said by Leon Kass, is a question we should be asking. When should humans in the modern world recognize the limit of technological advancements? This is a question only you yourself can answer based on your knowledge, morals, and beliefs. There are many aspects that are part of the consequences of genetic engineeringRead MoreWarfare: An Invention or a Biological Necessity?776 Words   |  3 PagesWarfare: an Invention or Biological? â€Å"Warfare is only an invention, not a biological necessity† - Margaret Mead Instinctivist theories on human aggressiveness often promote the notion that warfare is in the nature of humankind and therefore cannot be prevented. However Margaret Mead eloquently refuted this idea in her renowned essay Warfare: an Invention – Not a Biological Necessity. Mead states, â€Å"War is inevitable unless we change our social system and outlaw classes, the struggle for power, andRead MoreThe Conflict Between Science And Faith1282 Words   |  6 Pagesof living. Francis Collins wrote this book to discuss the issue between these two opposing forces. Francis Collins wrote and divided this book into three sections: Section one: The Chasm Between Science and Faith, Part Two: The Great Questions of Human Existence, and Part Three: Faith in Science, Faith in God. Section one of the book is about the story of Francis Collins’ endeavor towards his new found faith and philosophical debates towards it; ‘It’ being the faith. Collins was raised with an indifferenceRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Genetic Testing2082 Words   |  9 Pages In 2003, the Human Genome Project was completed. The project was an international research effort whose ultimate goal was to sequence the human genome and identify its genes. Upon completion, the Human Genome Project provided a complete sequence of the nearly 3 billion base pairs in the human genome. By essentially creating a blueprint of what makes a healthy human, we know what a normal, un-mutated genome looks like. That being said, genetic testing is now available to essentially anyone. WhileRead MoreAnimal Research And Testing : The Importance Of Animal Testing1441 Words   |  6 PagesAs the human race evolved, intellectual peoples began to realize the necessity of medical advancements for the survival of the species. Scientific idealists would observe the human body to find cures to illnesses, but due to human morality their ability to further the research often became limited. It was essential for scientists to better understand medical related issues, so they started to perform their hypothesized experiments on specific animals. The data recovered led to a discovery thatRead MoreGenetics Human Behavior Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesGenetics Human Behavior The world of Genetics is one that is both fascinating and interesting. When tackling how genetics plays a role in behavior, one must look within the scope of what genetics is before dealing with how it plays a significant role in one’s behavior. Simply put, genetics is the study of genes. It is a biological component within the entire study of biology itself. Scientists who study genetics and perform research do so with the intent to learn more about

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory Essays - 554 Words

Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory Research evidence, theorys and studies supports the views that suggest long term memory and short term memory are separate stores. Short term memory is a system for storing information for brief periods of time. Some researchers (e.g. Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968) see short term memory simply as a temporary storage depot for incoming information, whereas others (e.g. Baddeley 1986, 1990) prefer to use the term working memory to indicate its dynamic, flexible aspects. Long term memory, on the other hand, holds a vast quantity of information which can be stored for long periods of time. The information kept in this store is diverse and wide ranging and†¦show more content†¦In addition, the study explored whether short term memory and long term memory was semantically coded. The participants were given sets of words to recall: acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar or semantically dissimilar. The participants were then split in to 2 groups, one group was asked to recall the word immediately (STM), whereas the other group was asked to recall the words after an interval of 20 minutes (LTM)If the participants were asked to recall the word list immediately (STM) they did less well with acoustically similar words than with acoustically dissimilar words. When they recalled the words after an interval (LTM), they performed the same on the acoustic lists but there were differences on the semantic lists. The conclusio ns made supported the earlier research; this study suggested that short term memory is based largely on an acoustic code, whereas long term memory tends to be based on semantic codes. Other studies into duration in short term memory and long term memory also support the views that short term memory and long term memory are separate stores. In 1959 Peterson and Peterson studied duration in short term memory, they investigated how long information is retained in short term memory when verbal rehearsal is prevented. The participants in this study were given nonsense trigramsShow MoreRelatedThe Long Term And Short Term Memory1926 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam James, memory is a generalized concept that encompasses the long term and short term memory. Kendra Cherry, psychologist expert, defines long term memory as â€Å"storage of information over an extended period.† (Cherry n.d.) An individual’s long term memory is structured by a semi-permanent chemical and the anatomical hippocampus. The hippocampus is in the center of both hemispheres of the brain and works in accordance with the amygdala to allow information to be imported to form memories. In relationRead MoreThe Interactions between Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory: What is the Messaging Protocol?1500 Words   |  6 PagesInteractions between Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory: What is the Messaging Protocol? 1. Introduction Computers store data in memory, and simulate human memory when they achieve this. It might be easy to predict the mechanism of how computer memory works, but the function of human memory is much more sophisticated. Basically, the role of memory is to retain information, store them and retrieve when it is necessary. According to Bunuel (1984), You have to begin to lose your memory, if only in bitsRead MoreHow Short and Long Term Memory Work Essay894 Words   |  4 Pages Short and Long Term Memory Your brain collects and forgets thousands, if not millions of memories every day. Every time you see, hear, feel, taste, and smell something, it comes into your mind and becomes a memory. A mental note is literally taken and shipped to your â€Å"short-term memory† file in your brain. Whether or not it gets pushed to â€Å"long-term memory† depends on how often you pull the sense from your brain, because if it is used often, your brain will automatically instruct itself not toRead MoreShort Memory : Long Term Memory1196 Words   |  5 Pages Long Term Memory Long term memory is located in the inner fold of the temporal lobe. Temporal lobe lies beneath the temples on the head. The temporal lobe controls hearing. There is three types of memory that goes with long term memory. First is procedural memory. Procedural memory is apart of the long term memory and is responsible for knowing how to do things ex- how to ride a bike. Next is semantic memory. Semantic memory is knowledge of meanings, the basics and about the world. ThenRead MoreShort-Term and Long-Term Memory Loss1129 Words   |  5 PagesForgetting in Short-Term and Long-Term Memory: The memory of human beings is similar to that of computers because it allows individuals to store information for later or future use. However, the storage of information in humans involves three major processes i.e. encoding, storage, and retrieval. The encoding process basically involves transforming data into meaningful form like association with an existing image, memory, or sound. This is followed by holding on to the information through a physiologicalRead MoreOverview of Short and Long Term Memory664 Words   |  3 PagesShort and Long Term Memory Psychologists and neurological experts have concluded that in the very instant something is experienced, a memory is formulated within the mind and lasts forever in some part of the brain. Everything that has ever happened, been said by and to, or done to or by that person, or will ever happen to that person is stored somewhere within the human mind as a single piece of memory. Information enters the brain and the organ performs three operations: encoding, storage, andRead MoreEssay on The Control Processes of Short and Long Term Memory958 Words   |  4 Pagestest one day, and then the next day we are able to retrieve that very information to use to take and pass a test? Because memory is an important cognitive process it helps us to record the past, so we are able to refer back to it at a later date. If humans didn’t have a memory, we would only be able to understand the present and our past wouldn’t exist. The urge to study how memory works and the concept behind, i t has been around for many years. Scientist, and more importantly psychologist, have devotedRead MoreDifferent Types Of Memory Through Comparing Short Term And Long2315 Words   |  10 Pagesknowledge; the later of these is called memory. According to the authors memory is defined as the brain storage for acquired information and the ability to retrieve these information over time (Klandorf, Sherwood, Yancey, p.195). The purpose of this paper is to drive clarity about the different types of memory through comparing short-term and long-term memory, and to explain the underlining physiological mechanisms of short-term and long-term memory. Also, how memories are retrieved will be discussed.Read MoreThe Alteration of Human Abilities by Alcohol882 Words   |  4 Pagesspeech, slowed reaction times, blurred vision, and impaired memory. Some of these symptoms quickly diminish when drinking stops. Alternatively, a person who drinks heavily over a long period of time may have brain insuf ficiencies that carry on well after he or she reaches sobriety. Heavy drinking may have extensive effects on the brain, long-lasting and devastating conditions that require lifetime care; even modest drinking leads to short–term impairment, as shown by extensive research on the impactRead MoreSleep Is A Condition Of Body And Mind1230 Words   |  5 Pagesepisode (Carskadon Dement 2011). Memory is defined as a behavioral change caused by an experience. Declarative memory is available to our consciousness, and concerns events and facts. Procedural memory, on the other hand, is not available to our consciousness, and is the memory that is needed to use a previously learned skill (Okano, Hirano Balaban, 2000, p.12403). In the second edition of Learning and Memory, short-term memory, also known as working memory, is defined as a hypothetical system

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Foundations of Supply Side Economics

Question: Discuss about the Foundations of Supply Side Economics. Answer: Introduction: The central theme of any economy is to create a condition where there is subtle balance between the demand poised by the consumers and the supply generated by the producers. This subtle balance should be maintained at the lowest possible cost and at the highest level of employment in the economy (Hubbard O'Brien, 2015). The point where none of the economic agents gets any incentive to deviate from their existing condition unless some external forces are applied is known as equilibrium. Equilibrium can be either stable or unstable in nature. This answer tries to highlight the stability in the equilibrium level of the economy with the help of the basic concepts of aggregate demand and aggregate supply theory. Both the long run and the short run aggregate supply curve has been used to analyze the reason as to why the economy does not find any incentive to digress from the equilibrium in the long run. Discussion of the theories and its interpretation: Concept of equilibrium: The term equilibrium implies equal balance. Generally, the term was used in physics but later on was adopted into economics. In economics, equilibrium means the process through which balance between the economys demand and supply (Bernanke, Antonovics, Frank, 2015). It is established through competition in the market either under the free hand or under restriction. Equilibrium can be classified into various types depending upon its nature of occurrence. This write up focuses on the stability of the equilibrium, which implies that whenever there is a match between the supply price and the demand price of any goods (Buiter, 2014). The economy is classified into three types of market. They are: Product market, labor market and financial market. The global equilibrium is attained by maintaining equilibrium in each of these interrelated markets. The IS-LM model gives us the concept of AD curve which was then interrelated with the AS curve to explain the stability of long-term equilibrium . Theory of aggregate demand: The total quantity of services and goods demanded by the consumers within the economy is known as aggregate demand. The aggregate demand curve shows the quantity that has been demanded at each possible price level. The balance between the planned expenditure and the actual expenditure of an economy is highlighted by this curve (Gal, 2013). Theory of aggregate Supply: Aggregate supply has been defined as the total production of all the services and goods that has been produced in the market. It is generally upward sloping in nature because the producers gets incentive to produce more goods and services at higher prices but they are unwilling to produce less quantity of goods at lesser price (Canto, Joines, Laffer, 2014). Equilibrium in short run: In the short run, at-least one input of production remains fixed. Usually it is assumed that the capital is the fixed factor of production. The resultant effect is shown as follows: From the above figure, it can be said that the equilibrium prices and quantity at initial level is P and Y respectively. There may be some sudden increase in demand within the economy it is going to shift the AD curve outward (Michaillat, 2013). On an immediate level as there is no change in the supply level, hence the equilibrium is revised at P1 and Y1. Though it can be seen that Y1 is greater than Y and for an economy more output is preferred to less but it also raises the price level. Hence, government finds it necessary to intervene and maintain the balance of the economy. Equilibrium in long run: In the long run equilibrium is ensured at the intersecting point of three different curves, namely, the AD, SRAS and the LRAS curves. The figure below shows the long run equilibrium: In the long run, the economy is said to be near full-employment level that is at NAIRU. The economy uses all its resources and work force to produce the maximum possible output and hence the long run aggregate supply curve is vertical in shape (Keating, 2013). Any increase in demand in the long run can initially shift the demand curve outward as shown by AD1. Ideally then the equilibrium should be at the intersection of the AD1 and SRAS curve with higher level of output at higher price. Nevertheless, at the same time the restricted supply in the long run ensures that output remains at Y1 and hence increase in demand leads to increase in the price level only. As a result, the demand for the goods again gets reduced and equilibrium is restored to the initial level where the three curves meet. In the long run as the equilibrium gets re-stored even after it has been distorted as a result of changes in the economic factors hence it is known as stable equilibrium. The government has fiscal policy at their hand to maintain the balance within the economy. They take up either expansionary policy or contractionary policy according to the level of distortions (Schwieelmann, 2013). Through these policies, the government tries to keep the inflation under control and the unemployment level within or near its natural rate so that the asset bubbles are not created in the economy and the economy does not face any severe crisis. Conclusion: The write up can be encapsulated by connoting the fact that all three types of market are highly inter-related and hence any distortion in one of the market leads to the global economic distortions. Hence, the government of all the nation tries to implement the policies in a way so as to maintain subtle balance in all the markets. In the short run, though the market sees fluctuations but in the long run the equilibrium is ultimately established. Since, in long run all the resources are variable in nature and are used optimally, so there is no scope of increasing the output and hence the equilibrium is obtained at the juncture of the AD, SRAS and LRAS curves. References: Bernanke, B., Antonovics, K., Frank, R. (2015). Principles of macroeconomics. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Buiter, W. H. (2014). Temporary Equilibrium and Long-Run Equilibrium. Routledge. Canto, V. A., J., D. H., L., B., A. (2014). Foundations of supply-side economics: Theory and evidence. Academic Press. Gal, J. (2013). Notes for a new guide to Keynes (I): wages, aggregate demand, and employment. Journal of the European Economic Association, 11(5) , 973-1003. Hubbard, R. G., O'Brien, A. P. (2015). Macroeconomics. Pearson. Keating, J. (2013). Interpreting permanent shocks to output when aggregate demand may not be neutral in the long run. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 45(4) , 747-756. Michaillat, P. . (2013). 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